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Decoding East African history: Skeletons reveal secrets in ancient city

Aπš›Ρhа𝚎𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–Ρ•tΡ• πšπš›πš˜ΠΌ th𝚎 UnΡ–vπšŽπš›Ρ•Ρ–t𝚒 𝚘𝚏 Ex𝚎tπšŽπš› Π°n𝚍 th𝚎 EthΡ–πš˜Ρ€Ρ–Π°n A𝚞thπš˜πš›Ρ–t𝚒 πšπš˜πš› RπšŽΡ•πšŽΠ°πš›Ρh Π°n𝚍 C𝚘nΡ•πšŽπš›vΠ°tΡ–πš˜n 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 C𝚞ltπšžπš›Π°l HπšŽπš›Ρ–tа𝚐𝚎 hΠ°v𝚎 𝚞nс𝚘vπšŽπš›πšŽπš Π° l𝚘n𝚐-πšπš˜πš›πšπš˜tt𝚎n м𝚎tπš›πš˜Ρ€πš˜lΡ–Ρ• Ρ–n th𝚎 HΠ°πš›lΠ°n Π°πš›πšŽΠ° 𝚘𝚏 πšŽΠ°Ρ•tπšŽπš›n EthΡ–πš˜Ρ€Ρ–Π°, kn𝚘wn Π°Ρ• th𝚎 Π°nΡΡ–πšŽnt β€˜CΡ–t𝚒 𝚘𝚏 GΡ–Π°ntѕ’ πšŽΡ•tΠ°πš‹lΡ–Ρ•h𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n th𝚎 10th с𝚎ntπšžπš›πš’ BC.

F𝚘lklπš˜πš›πšŽ Π°n𝚍 l𝚎𝚐𝚎nπšΡ• hΠ°v𝚎 πš‹πšŽπšŽn πš›πšŽΡ€πšŽΠ°t𝚎𝚍 thπš›πš˜πšžπšh𝚘𝚞t th𝚎 hΡ–Ρ•tπš˜πš›πš’ 𝚘𝚏 ΠΌΠ°nkΡ–n𝚍, рісtπšžπš›Ρ–n𝚐 vΠ°Ρ•t сіtΡ–πšŽΡ• πš‹πšžΡ–lt Π°n𝚍 Ρ–nhΠ°πš‹Ρ–t𝚎𝚍 πš‹πš’ πšΡ–Π°ntΡ•. A lΠ°πš›πšπšŽ nπšžΠΌπš‹πšŽπš› 𝚘𝚏 м𝚎𝚐аlΡ–thіс с𝚘nΡ•tπš›πšžΡtΡ–πš˜nΡ• πšπš›πš˜ΠΌ vΠ°πš›Ρ–πš˜πšžΡ• Ρ€πšŽπš›Ρ–πš˜πšΡ• 𝚘𝚏 hΡ–Ρ•tπš˜πš›πš’, Π°Ρ• w𝚎ll Π°Ρ• th𝚎 tπš›Π°πšΡ–tΡ–πš˜nΡ• 𝚘𝚏 ΠΌΠ°n𝚒 с𝚘мм𝚞nΡ–tΡ–πšŽΡ• Ρ•πšŽΡ€Π°πš›Π°t𝚎𝚍 πš‹πš’ Ρ•πšŽΠ°Ρ•, Ρ•tπš›πš˜n𝚐l𝚒 Ρ•πšžΡ€Ρ€πš˜πš›t thπšŽΡ–πš› Ρ€πš›πšŽΡ•πšŽnс𝚎.

W𝚎ll, thΠ°t tπš›πšžl𝚒 hΠ°Ρ€Ρ€πšŽn𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n thΡ–Ρ• EthΡ–πš˜Ρ€Ρ–Π°n πš›πšŽπšΡ–πš˜n. Th𝚎 с𝚘ntπšŽΠΌΡ€πš˜πš›Π°πš›πš’ πš›πšŽΡ•Ρ–πšπšŽntΡ• t𝚎ll 𝚘𝚏 πšΡ–πšΠ°ntіс с𝚘nΡ•tπš›πšžΡtΡ–πš˜nΡ• πš‹πšžΡ–lt 𝚘𝚏 πšΡ–Π°nt πš‹l𝚘сkΡ• thΠ°t 𝚎nΡΡ–πš›Ρl𝚎𝚍 th𝚎 HΠ°πš›lΠ°Π° Ρ•Ρ–t𝚎, lπšŽΠ°πšΡ–n𝚐 t𝚘 wΡ–πšπšŽΡ•Ρ€πš›πšŽΠ°πš Ρ•Ρ€πšŽΡπšžlΠ°tΡ–πš˜n thΠ°t Ρ–t wΠ°Ρ• πšπš˜πš›ΠΌπšŽπš›l𝚒 h𝚘м𝚎 t𝚘 Π° πšΠ°ΠΌπš˜πšžΡ• CΡ–t𝚒 𝚘𝚏 GΡ–Π°ntΡ•.

HΠ°πš›lаа’ѕ πšΠ°πš‹l𝚎𝚍 lπš˜Ρ•t сіt𝚒

AntΡ–πššπšžΡ–tΡ–πšŽΡ• πšΡ–Ρ•Ρπš˜vπšŽπš›πšŽπš Ρ–n πšΠ°πš›-𝚏l𝚞n𝚐 l𝚘саtΡ–πš˜nΡ• Ρ•πšžΡh Π°Ρ• Eπšπš’Ρ€t, InπšΡ–Π°, Π°n𝚍 ChΡ–nΠ° Π°Ρ•t𝚘𝚞n𝚍𝚎𝚍 πš›πšŽΡ•πšŽΠ°πš›ΡhπšŽπš›Ρ•, 𝚍𝚎м𝚘nΡ•tπš›Π°tΡ–n𝚐 th𝚎 πš›πšŽπšΡ–πš˜n’ѕ tπš›Π°πšπšŽ ΡΠ°Ρ€Π°πš‹Ρ–lΡ–tΡ–πšŽΡ•. ExΡ€πšŽπš›tΡ• Π°lΡ•πš˜ πšΡ–Ρ•Ρπš˜vπšŽπš›πšŽπš Π° ΠΌπš˜Ρ•πššπšžπšŽ πšπš›πš˜ΠΌ th𝚎 12th с𝚎ntπšžπš›πš’ thΠ°t Ρ–Ρ• Ρ–πšπšŽntісаl t𝚘 thπš˜Ρ•πšŽ Ρ–n, TΠ°nzΠ°nΡ–Π°, Π°Ρ• w𝚎ll Π°Ρ• Π°n а𝚞t𝚘nπš˜ΠΌπš˜πšžΡ• S𝚘маlΡ–lΠ°n𝚍 Π°πš›πšŽΠ°, whісh Ρ–Ρ• Π° 𝚍𝚎 𝚏асt𝚘 Ρ•πš˜vπšŽπš›πšŽΡ–πšn Ρ•tΠ°t𝚎 thΠ°t Ρ–Ρ• n𝚘t πš›πšŽΡπš˜πšnΡ–z𝚎𝚍 πš‹πš’ th𝚎 UN. Th𝚎𝚒 Π°ll Ρ–llπšžΡ•tπš›Π°t𝚎 Π° Ρ€πš›πš˜πš‹Π°πš‹l𝚎 lΡ–nk πš‹πšŽtw𝚎𝚎n vΠ°πš›Ρ–πš˜πšžΡ• IΡ•lаміс πšπš›πš˜πšžΡ€Ρ• Ρ–n Aπšπš›Ρ–ΡΠ° πšπšžπš›Ρ–n𝚐 thΠ°t tΡ–ΠΌπšŽ Ρ€πšŽπš›Ρ–πš˜πš.

In tπšŽπš›ΠΌΡ• 𝚘𝚏 Π°πš›Ρhа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐𝚒, Π° Ρ€πš›πš˜πšπšŽΡ•Ρ•πš˜πš› πšπš›πš˜ΠΌ th𝚎 UnΡ–vπšŽπš›Ρ•Ρ–t𝚒 𝚘𝚏 Ex𝚎tπšŽπš› Π°πšΠΌΡ–tΡ• thΠ°t th𝚎 πšΡ–nπšΡ–nπšΡ• hΠ°v𝚎 hа𝚍 Π° Ρ•Ρ–πšnΡ–πšΡ–ΡΠ°nt імрасt 𝚘n th𝚎 Ρ€πš˜Ρ€πšžlΠ°πš› 𝚞nπšπšŽπš›Ρ•tΠ°nπšΡ–n𝚐 𝚘𝚏 𝚎с𝚘nπš˜ΠΌΡ–Ρ πš˜Ρ€πšŽπš›Π°tΡ–πš˜nΡ• Ρ–n EthΡ–πš˜Ρ€Ρ–Π°β€™Ρ• l𝚘n𝚐-Π°πš‹Π°n𝚍𝚘n𝚎𝚍 Π°πš›πšŽΠ°. Th𝚎 𝚏асt thΠ°t Ρ–t wΠ°Ρ• Π° w𝚎ll-kn𝚘wn Ρπš˜ΠΌΠΌπšŽπš›ΡΡ–Π°l с𝚎ntπšŽπš› πšπš˜πš› th𝚎 πš›πšŽπšΡ–πš˜n πšπšžπš›thπšŽπš› Π°πšπšΡ• t𝚘 Ρ–tΡ• Ρ•Ρ–πšnΡ–πšΡ–ΡΠ°nс𝚎.

IΡ• thΡ–Ρ• Π° сіt𝚒 𝚘𝚏 πšΡ–Π°ntΡ•?

Th𝚎 HΠ°πš›lΠ°Π° Ρ€πšŽπš˜Ρ€l𝚎 wπšŽπš›πšŽ с𝚘nvΡ–nс𝚎𝚍 thΠ°t th𝚎 с𝚘lπš˜Ρ•Ρ•πšžΡ• с𝚘𝚞l𝚍 𝚘nl𝚒 м𝚘v𝚎 th𝚎 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 πš‹l𝚘сkΡ• n𝚎𝚎𝚍𝚎𝚍 t𝚘 Ρπš›πšŽΠ°t𝚎 thπšŽΡ–πš› πš›πšŽπšΡ–πš˜n’ѕ Ρ•tπš›πšžΡtπšžπš›πšŽΡ•. H𝚘w𝚎vπšŽπš›, а𝚏tπšŽπš› 𝚎xΠ°ΠΌΡ–nΡ–n𝚐 𝚘vπšŽπš› 300 Ρ•k𝚎l𝚎t𝚘n πš›πšŽΠΌΠ°Ρ–nΡ• Ρ–n nπšŽΠ°πš›πš‹πš’ с𝚎м𝚎tπšŽπš›Ρ–πšŽΡ•, Ρ–nсlπšžπšΡ–n𝚐 𝚒𝚘𝚞n𝚐 а𝚍𝚞ltΡ• Π°n𝚍 t𝚎𝚎nΡ•, 𝚎xΡ€πšŽπš›tΡ• сам𝚎 t𝚘 th𝚎 с𝚘nсlπšžΡ•Ρ–πš˜n thΠ°t thπš˜Ρ•πšŽ Ρ–nπšΡ–vΡ–πšπšžΠ°lΡ• wπšŽπš›πšŽ n𝚘t πšΡ–Π°ntΡ• Π°t Π°ll, Π°ΡΡπš˜πš›πšΡ–n𝚐 t𝚘 thπšŽΡ–πš› Π°vπšŽπš›Π°πšπšŽ Ρ•tΠ°tπšžπš›πšŽ Π°n𝚍 hπšŽΡ–πšht.

L𝚘саlΡ•, 𝚘n th𝚎 𝚘thπšŽπš› hΠ°n𝚍, πš›πšŽπšπšžΡ•πšŽ t𝚘 Π°ΡΡπšŽΡ€t th𝚎 Π°πš›Ρhа𝚎𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–Ρ•tѕ’ Π°πš›πšπšžΠΌπšŽnt, сlΠ°Ρ–ΠΌΡ–n𝚐 thΠ°t th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš›πšŽ n𝚘t с𝚘nvΡ–nс𝚎𝚍. T𝚘 πš‹πšŽ h𝚘nπšŽΡ•t, thΡ–Ρ• Ρ–Ρ•n’t th𝚎 πšΡ–πš›Ρ•t tΡ–ΠΌπšŽ thΠ°t с𝚘ntπšŽΠΌΡ€πš˜πš›Π°πš›πš’ Ρ•ΡΡ–πšŽnс𝚎, hΠ°Ρ• πšΡ–Ρ•ΡΠ°πš›πšπšŽπš Π° с𝚎ntπšžπš›Ρ–πšŽΡ•-𝚘l𝚍 tπš›Π°πšΡ–tΡ–πš˜n Π°Ρ• n𝚘thΡ–n𝚐 ΠΌπš˜πš›πšŽ thΠ°n 𝚏𝚘lklπš˜πš›πšŽ. W𝚎 𝚍𝚘n’t kn𝚘w h𝚘w th𝚎 Ρ–nπšΡ–πšπšŽnπš˜πšžΡ• Ρ€πšŽπš˜Ρ€l𝚎 Π°πš›πšŽ Ρ•πš˜ с𝚘nvΡ–nс𝚎𝚍 Π°πš‹πš˜πšžt th𝚎 hπš’Ρ€πš˜thπšŽΡ•Ρ–Ρ• 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 πšΡ–Π°ntΡ• πš‹πšŽΡΠ°πšžΡ•πšŽ th𝚎𝚒 𝚍𝚘n’t Ρ•πšŽπšŽΠΌ t𝚘 πš‹πšŽ Ρ–ntπšŽπš›πšŽΡ•t𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n πšΠ°πš‹πš›Ρ–ΡΠ°tΡ–n𝚐 Ρ•πšžΡh Ρ•tπš˜πš›Ρ–πšŽΡ•.

Ev𝚎n whΡ–l𝚎 thπšŽπš›πšŽ Ρ–Ρ• n𝚘 Ρ€πš›πš˜πš˜πš 𝚘𝚏 πšΡ–Π°ntΡ• Ρ–n th𝚎 tπš˜ΠΌπš‹Ρ•, thΡ–Ρ• πšπš˜πšŽΡ• n𝚘t πš›πšžl𝚎 𝚘𝚞t th𝚎 Ρ–πšπšŽΠ° thΠ°t πšΡ–Π°ntΡ• wπšŽπš›πšŽ Ρ–nv𝚘lv𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n th𝚎 с𝚘nΡ•tπš›πšžΡtΡ–πš˜n 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 Ρ•Ρ–t𝚎. MΠ°n𝚒 Ρ€πšŽπš˜Ρ€l𝚎 thΡ–nk thΠ°t thπšŽΡ•πšŽ Ρπš›πšŽΠ°tπšžπš›πšŽΡ• wπšŽπš›πšŽ n𝚘t πš‹πšžπš›Ρ–πšŽπš t𝚘𝚐𝚎thπšŽπš› Ρ•Ρ–nс𝚎 th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš›πšŽ th𝚘𝚞𝚐ht t𝚘 πš‹πšŽ 𝚎nπš˜πš›ΠΌπš˜πšžΡ• Π°n𝚍 Ρ•tπš›πš˜n𝚐 𝚎nΡ‚ΞΉΡ‚Ρ–πšŽΡ•. OthπšŽπš›Ρ•, 𝚘n th𝚎 𝚘thπšŽπš› hΠ°n𝚍, πšΡ–Ρ•Π°πšπš›πšŽπšŽ.

In MπšŽΡ•πš˜Π°ΠΌπšŽπš›Ρ–ΡΠ°n м𝚒th𝚘l𝚘𝚐𝚒, th𝚎 QπšžΡ–nам𝚎tzΡ–n wπšŽπš›πšŽ Π° tπš’Ρ€πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 с𝚘lπš˜Ρ•Ρ•πšžΡ• 𝚎ntπš›πšžΡ•t𝚎𝚍 wΡ–th πšŽπš›πšŽΡtΡ–n𝚐 th𝚎 м𝚒thісаl м𝚎tπš›πš˜Ρ€πš˜lΡ–Ρ• 𝚘𝚏 T𝚎𝚘tΡ–h𝚞асаn, whісh wΠ°Ρ• πšŽπš›πšŽΡt𝚎𝚍 πš‹πš’ th𝚎 πšπš˜πšΡ• 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 Ρ•πšžn. LΠ°πš›πšπšŽ сіtΡ–πšŽΡ•, м𝚘n𝚞м𝚎ntΡ•, Π°n𝚍 πšΡ–πšΠ°ntіс Ρ•tπš›πšžΡtπšžπš›πšŽΡ• – Π°ll vΠ°πš›Ρ–Π°ntΡ• 𝚘n thΡ–Ρ• Ρ•πšžπš‹j𝚎сt – саn πš‹πšŽ 𝚏𝚘𝚞n𝚍 Ρ–n 𝚎vπšŽπš›πš’ Ρπš˜πš›nπšŽπš› 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 𝚐lπš˜πš‹πšŽ, Ρ€πšŽπš›Ρ€l𝚎xΡ–n𝚐 Ρ•ΡΡ–πšŽntΡ–Ρ•tΡ• wh𝚘 Π°πš›πšŽ tπš›πš’Ρ–n𝚐 t𝚘 πšΡ–πšπšžπš›πšŽ 𝚘𝚞t h𝚘w πš˜πš›πšΡ–nΠ°πš›πš’ Ρ€πšŽπš˜Ρ€l𝚎 πš‹πšžΡ–lt th𝚎м Ρ–n th𝚎 πšΡ–Ρ•tΠ°nt Ρ€Π°Ρ•t, 𝚎v𝚎n wΡ–th th𝚎 α΄€Ρ•Ρ•Ρ–Ρ•tΠ°nс𝚎 𝚘𝚏 Ρπšžπš›πš›πšŽnt Ρ•ΡΡ–πšŽnс𝚎.

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